In periods of stabilization of public life, interest in parliamentary eloquence prevails.
In periods of stabilization of public life, interest in parliamentary eloquence prevails.
Start with praise and sincere recognition of the interlocutor’s merits. Point out the mistakes of others not directly, but indirectly 123helpme.me. First, talk about your own mistakes, and then criticize your interlocutor. Ask the other person questions instead of telling them something. Give people the opportunity to save their prestige. Give people approval for their least luck and celebrate their success. Be sincere in your assessment and generous in your praise. Build people a good reputation that they will try to justify. Use encouragement. Create the impression that the mistake you want to see corrected is easily corrected; make what you encourage people feel easy. Make sure people are happy to do what you offer.
Third, when choosing the purpose of your conversation, try to persuade people to your point of view gently without pressure and without imposing a howling ideology. If a person considers your point of view as his own, he will strive to achieve your goal as his own.
To do this, you need to know that:
the only way to win the dispute is to avoid it; show respect for the opinion of your interlocutor. Never tell a person that he is wrong; if you are wrong, admit it quickly and decisively; stick to a friendly tone from the beginning; make the interlocutor immediately answer "yes"; let your interlocutor speak most of the time; let your interlocutor believe that this opinion belongs to him; sincerely try to look at things from the point of view of your interlocutor; be sympathetic to the thoughts and desires of others; cry out for more noble motives; dramatize your ideas, present them effectively; challenge, touch the living;
You can add the following to everything.
Anyone who wants to discuss successfully should try to find out as much as possible about their interlocutor. (A. D. Carnegie).
literature
Venediktova VI, Business reputation: personality, culture, ethics, image of a business person. – M., 1996. David Robinson. Get the best out of people. – M., 1994. Ivanova EN Effective communication and conflicts., St. Petersburg, 1997. Carnegie D. The art of speaking in public. – K., 2000. Kurbatov VI The art of managing communication. – Rostov-on-Don, 1997. Mititello VL Ethics and etiquette of a businessman. – Samara, 1992. Muscon M. H. Albert M., Hedoury F., Fundamentals of Management. – M., 1992. Nazarov VN, Meleshko ED, Ethics: a dictionary of aphorisms and sayings., M., 1999. Schmidt R. The art of communication. – M., 1992. Sheinov VP Conflicts in our lives and their resolution. – Minsk, 1996.
02.07.2012
Political eloquence: propaganda speech. Abstract
Political eloquence is a speech of a speaker who expresses the interests of a party (political force) or explains a socio-political situation
Political eloquence as one of the means of struggle for power or harmonization of social relations has manifested itself in ancient times, when people tried to resolve social conflicts not only by force but also by force of persuasion.
Characteristically, even in primitive, savage societies, political eloquence played a colossal role, and in its psychological pattern was almost indistinguishable from modern:
"During the general meeting of soldiers, when the corn is ripe, there are lively disputes. The king is free to ask any questions he has to answer, and so that these answers satisfy the people. At this time, I saw ordinary soldiers running out of their ranks, becoming inspired speakers, they were extremely excited, they not only exchanged fiery glances with King Panda, but also branded him in front of everyone, they condemned his actions, accused him of meanness and cowardice, demanded explanations from him, denied him counterarguments, dissecting his answers and exposing their lies, and finally proudly threatening the queen and ending the speech with a gesture of contempt.no one paid any more attention, and a revolution was about to break out, and an ambitious man was about to come forward to use indignation of the king’s opponents. But what surprised me no less is the order that was established after this kind of people’s tribunal. "
When the stage of savagery was replaced by the stage of barbarism, the role of eloquence increased even more. Thus, in pre-Christian Ireland in the first centuries of our era there was already a developed public eloquence in Ting – a rough analogue of the Slavic Chamber.
Ancient Greece became the real cradle of political culture and the birthplace of political eloquence. The very word "politics" comes from the Greek polis – city {"many people"). Unlike the cumbersome monarchies of the Ancient East, many different political models have been created in Greek city-states: tyranny, oligarchy, democracy, and so on. It was in Greece that it was determined that political activity increases with the growing role of the individual. With the separation of the individual from the polis collective, the competition of individuals for influence in the life of the community, political activity grows, political parties are created, and so on.
Political eloquence is formed on the basis of so-called epidemic (solemn) rhetoric, but without splendor and panegyric-solemn tone. In fact, it is difficult to draw the line between epidemic and political eloquence. Thus, Demosthenes was a prominent representative of the epidemic celebration and at the same time a keen political speaker. After the Macedonian conquest, the competition of political forces faded, which led to the rapid decline of political eloquence. However, it managed to achieve significant development here: the word of the speaker on the mountain (the place of public meeting of the Athenians, the Athenian Chamber) decided the fate of individuals, great political beginnings, the fate of entire lands and peoples.
Interestingly, along with political speeches in casual prose in Athens, political poetry developed (for example, the elegy of the legislator Solon, who in the late VI century BC called for war for Father Salamis, peace between the aristocracy and the demos, etc. ).
Following in the footsteps of the Greeks, Roman statesmen willingly took up the pen, writing pamphlets and political memoirs, autobiographies, epistles, or stories. It was during this period that the speeches of prominent rhetoricians began to be published, which led to the emergence of a new type of literature – journalism.
A similar picture was observed wherever the development of society went in the direction of emancipation of the individual. Thus, throughout the New Age in Europe unfolds a renaissance process that stimulates the growth of political activity in society. The pioneer here is Western Europe, whose experience is widely used around the world. Overcoming totalitarian regimes and the remnants of the medieval dumb society stimulate political activity and, of course, the development of political eloquence.
Political eloquence, as a rule, is associated with the social stratification of society, the conflict of interests of different classes, which is expressed in the programs of various parties. Because of this, the political speaker is engaged ("recruited"). He may invest in his speech a bright personal attitude to a problem, but the problem itself remains significant in public, superpersonal. This determines the heightened ideology of political speech. In today’s Ukraine, where more than 100 political parties exist and compete for power, the ideological spectrum of political speech is very diverse, reflecting the complexity and diversity of the spiritual life of Ukrainian citizens.
At the same time, no other sector has such a dynamic of changing positions, using a political program in personal interests, and sometimes just demagoguery. A populist speaker always appeals to the masses, offers deceptively easy solutions to rise to political office. However, the responsibility of a political speaker is much greater than, say, the responsibility of a university professor, given the scale of the resonance of his speech. After all, a political speaker mobilizes thousands of people to action, to activity, and his word very easily becomes action.
Political culture has been nurtured for centuries, the ability to wage political struggle by purely verbal methods, with respect for the opponent, does not appear in the open. The current state of political eloquence in Ukraine convincingly shows that the orator-politician must urgently learn the basics of eloquence, starting at least with knowledge of the state language.
Political rhetoric is differentiated into such main genres as political speech, report, speech, information, review and conversation, which differ in volume (greater or lesser) and the importance of the content of the speaker.
For example, a political report is usually delivered at a party congress and outlines the strategy of the party’s political activity. And political information can be heard in educational centers subordinate to this party, children’s institutions (such as scouts or pioneers), it is designed to eliminate political illiteracy. The review or interview is chosen by politicians who want to find their audience at the polling station. We often hear a political speech or speech on TV or radio (for example, speeches by deputies in the Verkhovna Rada).
Political speech is differentiated according to the sphere of functioning into parliamentary, rally and military. In moments of social unrest, revolutions or social transformations, rally speeches become widespread. In periods of stabilization of public life, interest in parliamentary eloquence prevails.
Nowadays, both parliamentary and rally eloquence is developing rapidly. It is clear that maintaining morale and patriotic feelings is impossible in hostilities without the speeches of commanders of various ranks: there are numerous cases in which the word was equivalent to a weapon.
Political eloquence is gaining special importance, provided that it is widely circulated by the mass media: the press, radio, and television.
literature
1) Chretomatia on ancient Russian literature. – M., 1973. – S 16.
